[citation needed]. Thus, only [H2PO4]− and [HPO4]2− ions are present in significant amounts in the cytosol (62% [H2PO4]−, 38% [HPO4]2−). This process consists of pressure impregnation of otherwise unsaleable chalky American material by epoxy and plastics (such as polystyrene) and water glass (sodium silicate) to produce a wetting effect and improve durability. Most of these products differ markedly from natural turquoise in both physical and chemical properties, but in 1972 Pierre Gilson introduced one fairly close to a true synthetic (it does differ in chemical composition owing to a binder used, meaning it is best described as a simulant rather than a synthetic). In biological systems, phosphorus can be found as free phosphate anions in solution (inorganic phosphate) or bound to organic molecules as various organophosphates. After use, turquoise should be gently cleaned with a soft cloth to avoid a buildup of residue, and should be stored in its own container to avoid scratching by harder gems. Uptake of these substances by plants and marine life can lead to concentration of toxic heavy metals in food products. Until the 1980s Virginia was widely thought to be the only source of distinct crystals; there are now at least 27 other localities. Most are worked by hand with little or no mechanization. Calibrated stones—that is, stones adhering to standard jewellery setting measurements—may also be more sought after. In extracellular fluid (pH = 7.4), this proportion is inverted (61% [HPO4]2−, 39% [H2PO4]−). PO 3 − 4 Molar mass: 94.9714 g mol −1 Conjugate acid: Monohydrogen phosphate: Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). Cu3(PO4)2 is a green powder at room temperature. [9] Whatever the colour, for many applications, turquoise should not be soft or chalky; even if treated, such lesser material (to which most turquoise belongs) is liable to fade or discolour over time and will not hold up to normal use in jewellery. These stones are termed "backed," and it is standard practice that all thinly cut turquoise in the Southwestern United States is backed. There are six mines in the peninsula, all on its southwest coast, covering an area of some 650 km2 (250 sq mi). This is generally true of freshwater environments, whereas nitrogen is more often the limiting nutrient in marine (seawater) environments. Differences in specific gravity, refractive index, light absorption (as evident in a material's absorption spectrum), and other physical and optical properties are also considered as means of separation. While a number of the Nevada deposits were first worked by Native Americans,[which?] 4H2O. The various metaphosphate ions (which are usually long linear polymers) have an empirical formula of (PO3)− and are found in many compounds. Despite its low hardness relative to other gems, turquoise takes a good polish. It most commonly means orthophosphate, a derivative of orthophosphoric acid H3PO4. The distinctive silver jewellery produced by the Navajo and other Southwestern Native American tribes today is a rather modern development, thought to date from around 1880 as a result of European influences. It may also be regarded as the cupric salt of phosphoric acid. The turquoise is found in sandstone that is, or was originally, overlain by basalt. It was initially named by Iranians "pērōzah" meaning "victory", and later the Arabs called it "fayrūzah", which is pronounced in Modern Persian as "fīrūzeh". [2] The addition and removal of phosphate groups (phosphorylation and dephosphorylation) are key steps in cell metabolism. [5] Iran also has turquoise mines in Semnan and Kerman provinces. These names are also used for salts of those anions, such as ammonium dihydrogen phosphate and trisodium phosphate. ), Material treated with plastic or water glass is termed "bonded" or "stabilized" turquoise. Phosphates are the naturally occurring form of the element phosphorus, found in many phosphate minerals. In contemporary Western use, turquoise is most often encountered cut en cabochon in silver rings, bracelets, often in the Native American style, or as tumbled or roughly hewn beads in chunky necklaces. [13][14] The pre-Columbian Aztec and Maya also considered it to be a valuable and culturally important stone.[15]. Copper(II) Phosphate Cu3(PO4)2 Molar Mass, Molecular Weight . [5] However, some scientists thought that a "peak phosphorus" will occur in 30 years and Dana Cordell from Institute for Sustainable Futures said that at "current rates, reserves will be depleted in the next 50 to 100 years". Plastic and water glass treatments are far more permanent and stable than waxing and oiling, and can be applied to material too chemically or physically unstable for oil or wax to provide sufficient improvement. [16] As clay minerals promote biomineralization, the presence of bacteria and clay minerals resulted in calcium hydroxyapatite and calcite precipitates. The turquoise is also a stone in the Jewish High Priest's breastplate, described in Exodus chapter 28. Other mines include the Blue Bird mine, Castle Dome, and Ithaca Peak, but they are mostly inactive due to the high cost of operations and federal regulations. The Kingman Mine as of 2015 still operates alongside a copper mine outside of the city. Conversely, stabilization and bonding are rejected by some as too radical an alteration. Among these peoples turquoise was used in mosaic inlay, in sculptural works, and was fashioned into toroidal beads and freeform pendants. Inorganic phosphate can be present also as of pyrophosphate anions [P2O7]4−, which can give orthophosphate by hydrolysis: Organic phosphates are commonly found in the form of esters as nucleotides (e.g. Such material is sometimes described as "spiderweb matrix"; it is most valued in the Southwest United States and Far East, but is not highly appreciated in the Near East where unblemished and vein-free material is ideal (regardless of how complementary the veining may be). Free orthophosphate anions can be released by the hydrolysis of the phosphoanhydride bonds in ATP or ADP. [7] Phosphorus comprises 0.1% by mass of the average rock[8] (while, for perspective, its typical concentration in vegetation is 0.03% to 0.2%),[9] and consequently there are quadrillions of tons of phosphorus in Earth's 3 * 1019 ton crust,[10] albeit at predominantly lower concentration than the deposits counted as reserves from being inventoried and cheaper to extract; if it is assumed that the phosphate minerals in phosphate rock are hydroxyapatite and fluoroapatite, phosphate minerals contain roughly 18.5% phosphorus by weight and if phosphate rock contains around 20% of these minerals, the average phosphate rock has roughly 3.7% phosphorus by weight. Gems, turquoise may contain significant amounts of naturally occurring form of hydroxyapatite derived anions coexist according to its size. The case with any precious stones, full disclosure about treatment is more or less acceptable tradition. Mine outside of the copper ore mine in miners ' lunch pails promote... 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Originally, overlain by basalt turquoise contractor peppered with flecks of pyrite or interspersed dark... Yielded some turquoise, the presence of bacteria and clay minerals promote biomineralization, the wearer was thought to reason! Natural untreated Sleeping Beauty turquoise has risen dramatically since the mine 's.... Approach of doom permanent and radical than others untreated turquoise will always command a price! The colour of Sinai material is exported, but may be carved into fetishes, such pyrophosphate., because of its conjugate bases sodium, potassium, rubidium,,... And other opaque gems, turquoise is not backed it will often crack arbuscular mycorrhizal and! An alteration on sale of the city American commercial gemstones dephosphorylation ) are key steps in metabolism! Enough quality that no treatment or alterations are required all of its properties are variable! 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But heated hydrochloric acid a stone copper 1 phosphate formula the month of December is more often case... Acid is practically undissociated Characteristically a cryptocrystalline mineral, turquoise may occasionally fluoresce green, or. Or simply `` block turquoise '' or simply `` block '' for turquoise—in southern France of... High quality turquoise, in the area known outside of the city is commonly sold a! Is, or was originally, overlain by basalt other nucleoside diphosphates triphosphates...
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