Control horses comprised 2 Warmblood horses and 1 Thoroughbred horse. Blood vessels, connective tissue, and nerve branches appeared normal. Figures 5 and 6 Axonal spheroids, nucleus lateralis. ACVP members can log in in using their ACVP credentials below. Scale bar = 1 µm. Microtubules and intermediate filaments were localized at the periphery, whereas vesicles, autophagic organelles, dense bodies, myelin figures, and mitochondria were in general localized at the center of the axonal dilation (Fig. Scale bar = 0.5 µm. Sage may either mean a type of plant or a wise person, the latter possibly relating to the "three wise monkeys" motif of the elemental monkeys. The email address and/or password entered does not match our records, please check and try again. Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. Semitendinosus muscle; horse No. The progressive weakness and increased recumbency in horse No. Treatment will consist simply of limiting your horse's exposure to allergy-producing dust and other particulates. Inset top left: Myelin sheath of an axon (Ax) that is split (double-headed arrow) and filled with lamellar membranous material. In contrast, segmental distention of axons—up to 5 μm in diameter and containing aggregates of cytoskeletal elements and organelles—was identified in the nucleus cuneatus lateralis and spinal cord. 6 and in both proximal thoracic and proximal pelvic limb muscle samples from pony No. Angular atrophied fibers or large group atrophy were not seen in any case. For more information view the SAGE Journals Sharing page. Another progressive neurodegenerative disorder of Purkinje cell axons occurs in ataxic vacillator mice, which have a mutation in N-myristoylated, calcineurin-like EF hand protein (CHP-1).18 CHP-1 homozygous mutant mice develop focal calbindin-positive swelling of Purkinje cell axons that resemble the lesions in shivers horses. A cross section of each muscle sample was mounted on cork, frozen in methylbutane chilled by liquid nitrogen, and then stored at –80°C until histologic analysis. Muscle samples were available from 1 additional 7-year-old control Warmblood mare that was euthanized due to chronic lameness. 1, nucleus cuneatus lateralis. We selected (1) immunohistochemical stains for calcium-binding proteins such as calbindin and calretinin because they stain either Purkinje cells (calbindin) or other CNS neurons (calretinin) and (2) GAD stains to represent an inhibitory neurotransmitter.16 In addition, stains for NFs (nonphosphorylated) were selected to highlight axonal degeneration. I have read and accept the terms and conditions, View permissions information for this article. When the horses walked backward, the presence of hyperflexion, hyperextension, and a normal contralateral quadrupedal gait pattern was noted. Samples of semimembranosus or semitendinosus muscle were obtained by biopsy from horse Nos. Shivers horse No. When prompted by the handler to lift the limb, consistent (4 of 5 horses) or intermittent (1 of 5) hyperflexion of a hind limb occurred in shivers horses. Contact us if you experience any difficulty logging in. Please check you selected the correct society from the list and entered the user name and password you use to log in to your society website. As the disease progresses, your horse's airways become ever thicker. Scale bar = 2 µm. 3. 13–15). The signalment and histories are summarized in Table 1. Bacteria can become trapped in his airways, leading to a bacterial infection (such as pneumonia), a common complication in advanced cases of heaves. 7. 2–4 is probably due to sampling error because the number of affected myofibers in all the animals was relatively small and affected fibers were not uniformly distributed. To assess muscle fiber recruitment, the total percentage of muscle fibers depleted of glycogen by approximately 50% was calculated from sequential ATPase and periodic acid–Schiff stains for each muscle.
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