This deficit was not explained until better solar neutrino detectors and theories were constructed (see SNO). The data are adapted from references 1-3. 300 tons in 2017. [42] Later that year, Lecoq obtained the free metal by electrolysis of the hydroxide in potassium hydroxide solution. This alloy, with the trade-name Galinstan (with the "-stan" referring to the tin, stannum in Latin), has a low freezing point of −19 °C (−2.2 °F). 315 tons — an increase of 15% from 2016. technology and price). The 2017 world annual production capacity was estimated at 730 tons for low-grade and 320 tons for refined gallium. Reinhardt, J. Very pure gallium is a silvery blue metal that fractures conchoidally like glass. The ground state electron configuration of ground state gaseous neutral gallium is [ Ar ]. This happens because iron is redox-active, allowing the transfer of electrons during respiration, while gallium is redox-inactive. Festival of Sacrifice: The Past and Present of the Islamic Holiday of Eid al-Adha. [47][48] Some coal flue dusts contain small quantities of gallium, typically less than 1% by weight. Schematic electronic configuration of gallium. Melting point Therefore, its availability needs to be discussed in terms of supply potential. [72][73], Gallium-67 salts such as gallium citrate and gallium nitrate are used as radiopharmaceutical agents in the nuclear medicine imaging known as gallium scan. When the wetting action of gallium-alloys is not desired (as in Galinstan glass thermometers), the glass must be protected with a transparent layer of gallium(III) oxide. Gallium arsenide (GaAs) and gallium nitride (GaN) used in electronic components represented about 98% of the gallium consumption in the United States in 2007. [55] Recent estimates put the supply potential of gallium at a minimum of 2,100 t/yr from bauxite, 85 t/yr from sulfidic zinc ores, and potentially 590 t/yr from coal. In lower doses, soluble gallium is tolerated well and does not accumulate as a poison, instead being excreted mostly through urine. [43], He named the element "gallia", from Latin Gallia meaning Gaul, after his native land of France. 3C6H6. [57] Aluminium gallium arsenide (AlGaAs) is used in high-power infrared laser diodes. Gallium atoms have 31 electrons and the shell structure is 2.8.18.3. [83] The Ga3+ ion of soluble gallium salts tends to form the insoluble hydroxide when injected in large doses; precipitation of this hydroxide resulted in nephrotoxicity in animals. You can reference the WebElements periodic table as follows:"WebElements, https://www.webelements.com, accessed November 2020. [41], Gallium was discovered using spectroscopy by French chemist Paul Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875 from its characteristic spectrum (two violet lines) in a sample of sphalerite. [65], The plutonium used in nuclear weapon pits is stabilized in the δ phase and made machinable by alloying with gallium. For example, a focused gallium-ion beam was used to create the world's smallest book, Teeny Ted from Turnip Town. This lack of independent deposits is due to gallium's geochemical behaviour, showing no strong enrichment in the processes relevant to the formation of most ore deposits.[44]. A neutral atom of gallium has 31 electrons. The United States Geological Survey (USGS) estimates that more than 1 million tons of gallium is contained in known reserves of bauxite and zinc ores. For example, gallium nitride 405 nm diode lasers are used as a violet light source for higher-density Blu-ray Disc compact data disc drives. Its main source material is bauxite, the chief ore of aluminium, but minor amounts are also extracted from sulfidic zinc ores (sphalerite being the main host mineral).
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